Carboni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Amedeo Carboni (born 1965), Italian footballer
• Andrea Carboni (born 2001), Italian footballer
• Berardo Carboni (born 1975), Italian director
• Bernardino Carboni (1726–?), Italian decorator and wood sculptor of the Baroque period
• Edvige Carboni (1880–1952), Italian mystic, venerated in the Roman Catholic Church
• Ezequiel Alejo Carboni (born 1979), Argentine footballer
• Francesco Carboni (1584–1635), Italian baroque period artist
• Franco Carboni (born 2003), Argentine footballer
• Gaetano Carboni (born 1955), Italian former swimmer
• Giacomo Carboni (1889–1973), Italian general
• Giovanni Carboni (born 1995), Italian cyclist
• Giovanni Battista Carboni (1725–1790), Italian sculptor, painter and writer
• Giovanni Bernardo Carboni (1614–1683), Italian artist
• Guido Carboni (born 1963), Italian footballer
• Jean-Michel Carboni (born 1955), Businessman and CEO (Engie group)
• Jérémie Carboni (born 1980), French producer, director and political advisor
• Leonardo Carboni (born 1984), Argentine footballer
• Luca Carboni (born 1962), Italian musician
• Luigi Carboni (16th century), Italian painter of the late-Renaissance period
• Nicole Carboni (born 1991), Costa Rican-American fashion model, television and athlete
• Paola Renata Carboni (1908–1927), Italian mystic
• Raffaello Carboni (1817–1875), Italian writer and revolutionary
• Roberto Eduardo Carboni (born 1985), Argentine footballer
• Romolo Carboni (1911–1999), Italian prelate of the Catholic Church
• Valentín Carboni (born 2005), Argentine footballer
• Yrius Carboni (born 1986), Brazilian footballer